![]() The fourth of the eight children of Owen Brown (1771–1856) and Ruth Mills (1772–1808), he described his parents as "poor but respectable". John Brown was born May 9, 1800, in Torrington, Connecticut. House in which Brown was born, Torrington, Connecticut, photographed in 1896, destroyed by fire in 1918 Early life and family Family and childhood Brown has been variously described as a heroic martyr and visionary, and as a madman and terrorist. Union soldiers marched to the new song " John Brown's Body", that portrayed him as a heroic martyr. Southerners feared that others would soon follow in Brown's footsteps, encouraging and arming slave rebellions. The Harpers Ferry raid and Brown's trial, both covered extensively in national newspapers, escalated tensions that led, a year later, to the South's long-threatened secession and the American Civil War. He was found guilty of all charges and was hanged on December 2, 1859, the first person executed for treason in the history of the United States. Brown was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men, and inciting a slave insurrection. Those of Brown's men who had not fled were killed or captured by local militia and U.S. Brown intended to arm slaves with weapons from the armory, but only a few slaves joined his revolt. He seized the armory, but seven people were killed and ten or more were injured. In October 1859, Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (today West Virginia), intending to start a slave liberation movement that would spread south he had prepared a Provisional Constitution for the revised, slavery-free United States that he hoped to bring about. Brown then commanded anti-slavery forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie. In May 1856, Brown and his sons killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie massacre, a response to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. ![]() He was dissatisfied with abolitionist pacifism, saying of pacifists, "These men are all talk. ![]() Events leading toīrown first gained national attention when he led anti-slavery volunteers and his own sons during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of the late 1850s, a state-level civil war over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. ![]() ![]() : 721 He stated repeatedly that in his view, these two principles "meant the same thing". Declaration of Independence, which states that "all men are created equal". Brown said repeatedly that in working to free the enslaved, he was following Christian ethics, including the Golden Rule, as well as the U.S. : 189 Brown was the leading exponent of violence in the American abolitionist movement, : 426 believing it was necessary to end American slavery after decades of peaceful efforts had failed. He believed that he was "an instrument of God", : 248 raised up to strike the "death blow" to American slavery, a "sacred obligation". First reaching national prominence for his radical abolitionism and fighting in Bleeding Kansas, he was eventually captured and executed for a failed incitement of a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry preceding the American Civil War.Īn evangelical Christian of strong religious convictions, Brown was profoundly influenced by the Puritan faith of his upbringing. John Brown (– December 2, 1859) was an American abolitionist leader. ![]()
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